Emphasis had to be placed on the use of sails to control the ship's course, and this was imprecise and depended on the vicissitudes of the wind. This arrangement, however, meant that the helmsman still had very limited range of control of the tiller's movement (no more than 15° to either side : p.174 ) and he had to steer either with extremely limited views of the sails or sometimes dependent entirely upon the conn for direction. The tiller rested on a very strong horizontal wooden bar called the tiller sweep, which was sheathed in metal and coated with soap and grease to minimize the drag of the tiller as it rode across it. In this fashion, the tiller might get as much as 20° of turn though angles of between 5° and 10° seem more likely. Draw another curve to complete the back of the ship.
Replicate the shape draw earlier, but with a smaller scale and the curve facing the left for the front of the ship. To move the ship to port, the forward-facing helmsman pulled the top of the staff to his left and pushed the pole down and to the right to move it to starboard, he pulled the top to his right and pushed the pole down and to the left. Draw a shape with three edges on the left side and a curve on the right for the back of the ship.
The ring was attached to a long, thin pole (the whipstaff proper) and this pole connected the tiller to the helmsman one or more decks above it through a pivot point, roll, or rowle, described as "that round piece of wood or iron wherein the whip doth go and is made turn about that it may carry over the whip from side to side with more ease." : p.173 The helmsman himself still usually did not stand on the topmost deck, but rather viewed what lay ahead of the ship through a small port or hatchway in the deck above him called a companion. Even if youre sailing in chilly Antarctica, cruising on a small ship offers comfort and coziness. Then, a metal ring was fitted over this and secured with a pin. In a typical arrangement, an iron gooseneck was fitted at the fore end of the tiller.
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